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Civil rights law is all that the name entails– the rights that keep society free from types of discrimination. These laws state the foundation of this country: all men and women are created equal. They created protected classes of people, so that these people are shielded by the law when others try to discriminate against them based on specific characteristics. It could be anything from protecting restaurants and hotels from treating people differently based on their race, or discriminating against an employee based on gender. 

People cannot be discriminated against based on their age, color, marital status, national origin, race, religion, or sex. Many civil rights and constitutional rights overlap, but civil rights have more to do with discrimination of various groups in society by the government and private parties. 

Major U.S. Supreme Court civil rights cases

Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburg Commission on Human Relations
Prohibits companies from creating separate job postings based on gender. At the time the Supreme Court decided this case, even federal jobs were posted as either for men or for women only.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson to state that separate but equal facilities are discriminatory. Schools and other organizations must give people from all races equal access.

Loving v. Virginia (1967)
A ban on interracial marriage violates civil rights.